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By Shah Rukh
Research:-
“Systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in order
to discover or revise facts, theories, application etc.
As we can see it is
clear “itself as if we divide the world into two parts “Re” and “search”, “re”
means doing something again and again and “search” means, seeking something, or
finding out.
Research method is a process of getting answers of our
questions. Process is something that has two or more steps.
Another definition of research is it is a collection of
methods people use systematically to come up with the answers of their
questions, or to produce knowledge “we use many different methods depending on
the certain problem.
Purposes of research:-
·
We research to generalize
knowledge.
·
We want to verify the
existing knowledge. If there is any gap or doubt in current research that would
not be able to tell about the current society.
·
We do research to: correct,
verify, extend the knowledge.
Characteristics of research:-
Research requires skills
·
Expertise
·
Sources
·
Time
·
Solution of problem
·
Data
·
Observations and so.
By all these characteristics we
get to know that research can be done by a highly trained person, with having
enough knowledge of the problem or phenomenon on which research is going to be
conducted.
Research deals with social
problem rather than personal problems.
We can define social problem as:
“Anything which have a greater
effects on society”
Types Of research:-
There are many types of research some main are:
·
Basic research
·
Applied research
Other types are:
·
Action research
·
Descriptive research
·
Evaluation research
1.
Basic research:-
·
The research conducted with
the objective of knowledge production.
·
Objective of basic research
is understand knowledge and produce solution.
·
Basic research is less
motivated than applied research.
·
Basic research is also
called fundamental research or pure research.
·
Basic research is to
understand a problem.
Purpose of basic research:-
·
To search the answer of
question.
·
To enhance the knowledge.
·
Development of theories or
verification of pre-existing theories.
2.
Applied Research:-
Applied research is a methodology used to solve a specific
practical problem of an individual or group. The study and research is used in
business, medicine and education in order to find solution that may in order to
find solution that may cure diseases, solve scientific problems or develop
technology.
Basic research:-
·
Applied research is also
called practical research,
·
Purpose of applied research
is to sort art, to get a solution of a problem or to launch a new initiative.
·
Applied research finds out
solutions of that problem.
·
It is highly motivated
research because it is done to improve the society.
·
This type of research is
also with high scientific objectivity.
Development of technology for resolving
different mental health issues. Ways to manage depression are the examples of
applied research.
3.
Action Research :-( sub
part of applied research)
·
It is type of applied
research to solve an existing/immediate problem.
·
In this type we try find
workable solution by launching project in field.
·
Its aim is an immediate
application but not any development of theory. It also help in altering unsatisfied
conditions.
Advantages of Action Research
·
High level of practical
relevance of the business research;
·
Can be used with
quantitative, as well as, qualitative data;
·
Possibility to gain
in-depth knowledge about the problem.
4.
Descriptive Research:-
Descriptive research is defined as a research
method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon
that is being studied. This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the
research subject rather than the “why” of the research subject.
·
Descriptive research can be used in multiple ways and for multiple
reasons.
·
It
can answer what, when, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
·
Descriptive
research can use both qualitative and quantitative research
methods.
There are 3 distinctive
methods to conduct descriptive research. They are:
·
Observational Method
·
Case Study Method
·
Survey Research
Advantages of Descriptive Research
Some of the major advantages of descriptive research are:
·
Data collection: Descriptive
research can be conducted by using specific methods like observational method,
case study method and survey method. Between these 3, all major methods
of data collection are covered which provides a lot of
information.
·
Quick to conduct and
cheap: As the sample size is generally large in descriptive research, the data
collection is quick to conduct and is cheap.
·
Forms basis for decision-making: As the data collected
in descriptive it is easy to make decisions on the basis of the statistical
analysis of that data.
Disadvantages of Descriptive Research
Some
of the major disadvantages of descriptive research are:
·
Confidentiality: Respondents aren’t
always truthful if questions are too personal.
·
Halo effect:
·
Sample isn’t
representative: Due to the randomness of the sample, it is very tough to
validate that the sample is an accurate representation of the whole population.
·
No scope to learn cause:
that because of this type of research only tells what is going no no how
this is happening.
5.
Evaluation Research:-
·
Evaluation research, also known as program evaluation
·
Evaluation research is a type of applied research.
·
Evaluation research enhances knowledge and
decision-making, and leads to practical applications.
·
Many methods, like
surveys and experiments can be used in evaluation research.
To evaluate means to determine or set the value
or amount of appraise it means to judge or determine the significance, worth or
quality of a thing.
For example family planning scheme, irrigation
project etc. We conduct a research to evaluate that weather scheme is useful or
not.
 |
Approaches of scientific research:-
·
Qualitative Approach
·
Quantitative approach
1.
Qualitative research:-
Qualitative Research is primarily
exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions, and motivations. Qualitative Research is also used to
uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.
·
Qualitative research
provide insight and understanding of the problem at hand.
·
It help in gaining
knowledge about problem under study.
·
This research is one that
involves quality or kind.
·
It is more based on
perceptions, attitude of people.it describes the phenomena.
·
Date obtained in
qualitative research can be in the form of words, pictures, text etc.
·
It is also defined as a method
to collect data via open ended and conversational discussions.\
·
In this research usually
participants are not taken out of their ecosystem for data collection that help
in building trust.
There are 5 main qualitative
research methods:-
1.
Ethnographic research
2.
Focus group research
3.
One-on-one online
interview
4.
Case study research
1. Ethnographic
research:-
·
Ethnographic research is the most
in-depth observational method that studies people in their naturally occurring
environment.
·
This method requires the researchers to
adapt to the target audiences’ environments which could be anywhere from an
organization to a city or any remote location.
·
This research design aims to understand
the cultures, challenges, motivations, and settings that occur.
·
This type of research method can last from
a few days to a few years, as it involves in-depth observation and collecting
data on those grounds.
2.
Focus
group research:
·
A focus group usually includes a limited number of respondents (6-10)
from within your target market.
·
The main aim of the focus group is to find answers to the why what and
how questions.
·
One advantage of focus groups is, you don’t necessarily need to interact
with the group in person.
·
Focus groups are an expensive method as compared to the other
qualitative research methods.
3.
One-on-one
online interview:-
·
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative
research methods.
·
It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a
time.
·
One of the advantages of this method provides a great opportunity to
gather precise data about what people believe and what their motivations are.
·
If the researcher is well experienced asking the right questions can
help him/her collect meaningful data.
·
These interviews can be performed face-to-face or on phone and usually
can last between half an hour to two hours or even more.
4. Case study research:
·
The case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed
as into a valuable qualitative research method.
·
As the name suggests it is used for explaining an organization or an
entity.
·
This type of research method is used within a number of areas like
education, social sciences and similar.
·
This method may look difficult to operate, however, it is one of the
simplest ways of conducting research.
Quantitative research:-
Quantitative research is defined as a
systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and
performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
·
Quantitative research collects information from existing and potential
customers using sampling methods and sending out online
surveys, online polls, questionnaires,
etc.,
·
Quantitative research is mostly conducted in the social sciences.
·
In this research method, researchers and
statisticians deploy mathematical frameworks and theories.
·
The results achieved from this research
method are logical, statistical, and unbiased.
There are multiple types of primary
quantitative research.
Survey Research:
Survey
Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research
methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of
respondents, using various types such as online polls,
online surveys, paper questionnaires,
web-intercept surveys, etc.
Survey
research was conducted face-to-face or via phone calls but with the progress
made by online mediums such as email or social
media, survey research has spread to online mediums as well.
·
Telephone surveys
·
Personal interviews
·
Web surveys
·
Hybrid method
Telephone surveys:-
When the survey is carried out over telecommunication device
i.e. telephone or mobile. Where the responses are in the form of closed ended
answer, like yes, no, don’t know.
Personal Interview:-
One to one interview is conducted to gain understanding of
the problem under study. Interviewer can be the researcher himself or his
agents.
Web surveys:-
Researcher selects a group of respondents in most cases around
like (100-200) and mail questionnaire to them, to obtain information.
Hybrid Method:-
In hybrid method any of the two research methods, like web
surveys and personal interview or telephone surveys and personal interview are
combined to gain information about problem under
study
Difference between Qualitative & Quantitative Research
 |
Alternatives of social research
As we use research methods to acquire knowledge, there are
some other ways also to acquiring knowledge not using research method.
1.
Authority
2.
Tradition
3.
Common sense
4.
Media myths
5.
Personal experience
1.
Authority:-
Authority is one of the best alternative of acquire
knowledge. By authority we mean teachers, parents, religious people etc. When
someone is considered more knowledgeable than oneself .is considered authority
for that person.
We can consider someone authority on the basis of age, gender,
class, clothing, basis of tone of voice, looks, height and so on. That’s means
authority varies in different situations.
Disadvantages:-
·
Sometimes authority is over
estimated.
·
Issue of the ego is
attached with the authority that they know everything.
·
Strong dependence on the
authority it can take or lead towards the darkness.
2.
Traditions:-
“Something which is believed true or right from past”
Tradition is the authority of past, most of our knowledge is
based on tradition e.g. language, dressing etc.
Advantages:-
·
Most of the time is right.
·
It is the quickest way of
acquire knowledge.
·
It is cheapest source of
getting knowledge.
·
It is the simplest and
easiest way.
3.
Common sense:-
It is logic based of what we are explaining about our surroundings.
Common sense is usually produced or developed by home. Mostly common sense
knowledge is right for example if a person is talking in English we will think
about him/her that they are educated. We derive this concept by common sense.
Common sense is also transformed to us by the people in
authority.
4.
Media Myths:-
Media is one of the best source of acquire knowledge. Media
provide many types of knowledge through different ways like news, dramas, documentaries
etc. from child age we start learning new things from media .
Disadvantages:
·
Most of the time media
delivers wrong information.
·
Media also mislead sometime.
·
Media delivers manipulate
knowledge.
5.
Personal experience:-
Personal experience is also a rich source of knowledge. Personal
experience is the source that gives 80% knowledge.
Magnitude wise:-
If our interaction experience with the certain group is good
we will say that there live so good people and if our experience is bad we will
derive that people there are bad.
Capacity Wise:-
Also our senses are more near to not give use
the perfect knowledge. It will be limited.
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